Alemania
Auswärtiges Amt. (2026). Visado nacional para estudios y cuenta bloqueada. https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/
Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales. (2025). Salario mínimo legal 2026 (Mindestlohn). https://www.bmas.de/
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). (2024). Förderatlas: financiación de la investigación por universidad. https://www.dfg.de/
Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD). (2026). Study in Germany: requisitos, becas y visados. https://www.daad.de/
Deutsches Studierendenwerk. (2026). BAföG, residencias y comedores universitarios (MENSA). https://www.studierendenwerke.de/
Hochschulrektorenkonferenz (HRK). (2026). Hochschulkompass: universidades y programas. https://www.hochschulkompass.de/
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. (2025). Zahlen und Fakten. https://www.lmu.de/
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings
RWTH Aachen University. (2025). Daten und Fakten. https://www.rwth-aachen.de/
SCImago Lab. (2025). SCImago Institutions Rankings. https://www.scimagoir.com/
ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. (2025). Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2025. https://www.shanghairanking.com/
Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). (2026). Estadísticas de educación superior y precios. https://www.destatis.de/
Technische Universität München. (2025). TUM in Zahlen. https://www.tum.de/
Times Higher Education. (2025). World University Rankings 2026. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings
U.S. News & World Report. (2025). Best Global Universities Rankings. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities
Universität Heidelberg. (2025). Zahlen und Fakten. https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/
Argentina
Becas Progresar. (2026). Programa de becas educativas. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/becasprogresar
Comisión Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación Universitaria (CONEAU). (2026). Portal institucional. https://www.coneau.gob.ar/
Dirección Nacional de Migraciones. (2026). Residencias temporarias: estudiantes (RaDEX). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/migraciones
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC). (2026). Canasta básica, índice de precios al consumidor y mercado de trabajo. https://www.indec.gob.ar/
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings: Latin America & The Caribbean 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/latin-america-caribbean-rankings
Secretaría de Políticas Universitarias. (2026). Sistema universitario argentino: estadísticas. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/capital-humano/educacion
Secretaría de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social. (2025). Resolución 9/2025: Salario Mínimo, Vital y Móvil. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/trabajo
Times Higher Education. (2025). Latin America University Rankings. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/latin-america-rankings
Times Higher Education. (2025). World University Rankings 2026. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings
U.S. News & World Report. (2025). Best Global Universities Rankings. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities
Universidad Austral. (2025). La Universidad en cifras. https://www.austral.edu.ar/
Universidad de Buenos Aires. (2025). Censo de estudiantes y UBA en cifras. https://www.uba.ar/
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. (2025). Anuario estadístico UNC. https://www.unc.edu.ar/
Universidad Nacional de La Plata. (2025). Anuario estadístico UNLP. https://unlp.edu.ar/
Canadá
Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada. (2026). Admission requirements of Canadian faculties of medicine. https://www.afmc.ca/
Carleton University. (2025). Carleton at a glance. https://carleton.ca/about/
Concordia University. (2025). Fast facts. https://www.concordia.ca
Dalhousie University. (2025). Dal at a glance. https://www.dal.ca
EduCanada: Government of Canada. (2026). Study in Canada: programas, costos y vida estudiantil. https://www.educanada.ca/
Employment and Social Development Canada. (2026). Federal minimum wage. https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development.html
Global Affairs Canada. (2026). Government of Canada in Ecuador. https://www.international.gc.ca
Government of Canada. (2025). EduCanada: Education costs. https://www.educanada.ca
Government of Canada. (2026). Minimum wage by province and territory. https://www.canada.ca/
ISIC Canada. (2025). International Student Identity Card Canada. https://isic.ca/cards/
Maclean's. (2025). Maclean's 2026 University Rankings. Maclean's Magazine. https://macleans.ca/education/university-rankings/
McGill University. (2025). Quick Facts. https://www.mcgill.ca/about/quickfacts
McMaster University. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.mcmaster.ca/about/facts/
Memorial University of Newfoundland. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.mun.ca/main/about/facts-and-figures/
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Ecuador. (2024). Guía Académica Canadá 2024. https://www.cancilleria.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Guia-Academica-Canada-2024.pdf
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2026). QS World University Rankings 2026/27. QS Top Universities. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings
Queen's University. (2025). Quick facts. https://www.queensu.ca/about/quick-facts
SCImago. (2026). SCImago Institutions Rankings 2026. SCImago Research Group. https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php
ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. (2025). Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2025. ShanghaiRanking. https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2025
Simon Fraser University. (2025). SFU at a glance. https://www.sfu.ca
Statistics Canada. (2026). Labour force characteristics and graduate outcomes. https://www.statcan.gc.ca/
Statistics Canada. (2026). Postsecondary enrolment data. https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/post-secondary-institutions
Times Higher Education. (2025). THE World University Rankings 2026. Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings
Toronto Metropolitan University. (2025). About TMU. https://www.torontomu.ca/about/
U.S. News & World Report. (2025). Best Global Universities Rankings 2026. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities
U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities. (2026). Member universities. https://u15.ca/
Université de Montréal. (2025). L'UdeM en chiffres. https://www.umontreal.ca/
Université Laval. (2025). L'Université en chiffres. https://www.ulaval.ca/notre-universite
University of Alberta. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.ualberta.ca
University of British Columbia. (2025). UBC facts and figures. https://www.ubc.ca
University of British Columbia. (2025). Undergraduate tuition fees. https://students.ubc.ca/finances/tuition-fees/undergraduate-tuition-fees/
University of Calgary. (2025). Quick facts. https://www.ucalgary.ca/about/quick-facts
University of Guelph. (2025). About U of G. https://www.uoguelph.ca/about
University of Manitoba. (2025). Facts and figures. https://umanitoba.ca/about-um/facts-figures
University of New Brunswick. (2025). About UNB. https://www.unb.ca/about/
University of Ottawa. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.uottawa.ca/en/about-us/facts-figures
University of Saskatchewan. (2025). About the University. https://leadership.usask.ca/
University of Toronto Scarborough. (2025). Tuition&fees. https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/admissions/tuition-fees
University of Toronto, Planning & Budget Office. (2025). Enrolment Report 2024-25. https://planningandbudget.utoronto.ca/
University of Toronto. (2025). Quick Facts. https://www.utoronto.ca/about-u-of-t/quick-facts
University of Victoria. (2025). UVic at a glance. https://www.uvic.ca
University of Waterloo. (2025). Facts and figures. https://uwaterloo.ca/about/facts-figures
University of Windsor. (2025). About UWindsor. https://www.uwindsor.ca/about
Western University. (2025). Western at a glance. https://www.uwo.ca
York University. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.yorku.ca/about/facts-figures/
Chile
CNA-Chile. (2026). Comisión Nacional de Acreditación. https://www.cnachile.cl/
Departamento de Evaluación, Medición y Registro Educacional (DEMRE). (2026). Prueba de Acceso a la Educación Superior (PAES). https://demre.cl/
Dirección del Trabajo. (2026). Ingreso mínimo mensual: Ley 21.830. https://www.dt.gob.cl/portal/1628/w3-article-60141.html
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE). (2026). Índice de precios al consumidor y empleo. https://www.ine.gob.cl/
Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas (JUNAEB). (2026). Beca de Alimentación para la Educación Superior y Tarjeta Nacional Estudiantil. https://www.junaeb.cl/
Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia. (2025). Valor de la canasta básica de alimentos y líneas de pobreza. https://observatorio.ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. (2025). Cifras UC. https://www.uc.cl/
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings: Latin America & The Caribbean 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/latin-america-caribbean-rankings
Servicio Nacional de Migraciones (SERMIG). (2026). Visas de residencia temporal: estudiantes. https://serviciomigraciones.cl/
Subsecretaría de Educación Superior. (2026). Acceso, gratuidad y beneficios estudiantiles. https://acceso.mineduc.cl/
Times Higher Education. (2025). Latin America University Rankings. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/latin-america-rankings
Times Higher Education. (2025). World University Rankings 2026. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings
U.S. News & World Report. (2025). Best Global Universities Rankings. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities
Universidad de Chile. (2025). La U. de Chile en cifras. https://www.uchile.cl/
Colombia
Cancillería de Colombia. (2026). Visas: requisitos y tarifas. https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/tramites_servicios/visa
Consejo Nacional de Acreditación (CNA). (2026). Acreditación de alta calidad. https://www.cna.gov.co/
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2026). Pobreza monetaria y mercado laboral. https://www.dane.gov.co/
Instituto Colombiano de Crédito Educativo y Estudios Técnicos en el Exterior (ICETEX). (2026). Créditos educativos y becas. https://web.icetex.gov.co/
Instituto Colombiano para la Evaluación de la Educación (ICFES). (2026). Examen Saber 11. https://www.icfes.gov.co/
Ministerio de Educación Nacional. (2026). Sistema Nacional de Información de la Educación Superior (SNIES). https://snies.mineducacion.gov.co/
Ministerio del Trabajo. (2025). Decretos 1469 y 1470 de 2025: Salario mínimo y auxilio de transporte 2026. https://www.mintrabajo.gov.co/
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. (2025). Javeriana en cifras. https://www.javeriana.edu.co/
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings: Latin America & The Caribbean 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/latin-america-caribbean-rankings
Times Higher Education. (2025). Latin America University Rankings. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/latin-america-rankings
Times Higher Education. (2025). World University Rankings 2026. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings
U.S. News & World Report. (2025). Best Global Universities Rankings. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities
Universidad de los Andes. (2025). Uniandes en cifras. https://uniandes.edu.co/
Universidad Nacional de Colombia. (2025). Estadísticas e indicadores UNAL. https://estadisticas.unal.edu.co/
Ecuador
Agencia de Regulación y Control de las Telecomunicaciones. (2026). Tarifas vigentes de telecomunicaciones. https://www.arcotel.gob.ec/
Consejo de Aseguramiento de la Calidad de la Educación Superior. (2026). Portal institucional CACES. https://www.caces.gob.ec/
Consejo de Educación Superior. (2026). Portal institucional del CES. https://www.ces.gob.ec/
Escuela Politécnica Nacional. (2025). Rendición de cuentas 2024. https://www.epn.edu.ec/
Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo. (2025). Informe preliminar de rendición de cuentas 2024. https://www.espoch.edu.ec/
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral. (2025). Rendición de cuentas 2024. https://www.planificacion.espol.edu.ec/
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. (2026). Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU): mayo 2026. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/
Ministerio del Trabajo del Ecuador. (2026). Salario básico unificado 2026. https://www.trabajo.gob.ec/
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. (2025). Rendición de cuentas 2024. Sistema de Información PUCE. https://www.puce.edu.ec/
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS Latin America University Rankings 2026. QS Top Universities. https://www.topuniversities.com/latin-america-university-rankings
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2026). QS World University Rankings 2026/27. QS Top Universities. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings
SCImago. (2026). SCImago Institutions Rankings 2026. SCImago Research Group. https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php
Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. (2026). Portal SENESCYT. https://www.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/
Sistema Nacional de Información de la Educación Superior del Ecuador. (2026). Portal SNIESE. https://infoeducacionsuperior.gob.ec/
Times Higher Education. (2025). THE Latin America University Rankings 2026. Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/latin-america-university-rankings
Times Higher Education. (2025). THE World University Rankings 2026. Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings
U.S. News & World Report. (2026). Best Global Universities Rankings 2026-27. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities
Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil. (2026). Rendición de cuentas 2025. https://www.ucsg.edu.ec/wp-content/uploads/transparencia/RC-informe-final_2025.pdf
Universidad de Las Américas. (2024). UDLA en cifras. https://www.udla.edu.ec/la-udla/cifras
Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE. (2026). Informe narrativo preliminar de rendición de cuentas 2025. https://www.espe.edu.ec/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/INFORME-NARRATIVO-PRELIMINAR-DE-RENDICION-DE-CUENTAS-2025.pdf
Universidad Espíritu Santo (UEES). (2024). Información institucional [aproximaciones basadas en Wikipedia actualizada, guía institucional UEES y publicaciones oficiales; la Rendición de Cuentas 2024 no fue accesible al momento de compilación]. https://uees.edu.ec/informacion-institucional/
Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo. (2024). UNACH en cifras. https://www.unach.edu.ec/unach-en-cifras/
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana. (2026). Informe del Rector 2025. https://www.ups.edu.ec/documents/20121/262141/2025+Informe+del+Rector.pdf
Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam. (2025). Informe narrativo de rendición de cuentas 2024. https://www.ikiam.edu.ec/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Informe-Narrativo-de-Rendicion-de-Cuentas-2024.pdf
Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes. (2026). Informe de rendición de cuentas 2025. https://www.uniandes.edu.ec/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Informe-de-Rendicion-de-cuentas-2025-completo_opt.pdf
Universidad San Francisco de Quito. (2025). Informe de Rendición de Cuentas 2024. https://www.usfq.edu.ec/sites/default/files/2025-10/usfq-informe-rendicion-cuentas-2024-a.pdf
Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi. (2026). Rendición de cuentas 2025. https://www.utc.edu.ec/Portals/0/2026/SANTIAGO%20PACHECO/DAC/Rendicio%CC%81n_Cuentas_Web.pdf
Universidad Técnica de Manabí. (2026). Rendición de cuentas 2025. https://www.utm.edu.ec/rendicion-de-cuentas/rendicion-de-cuentas-2025
Universidad Técnica del Norte. (2026). Rendición de cuentas 2025. https://www.utn.edu.ec/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RENDICION-DE-CUENTAS-2025.pdf
Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja. (2024). Memoria de sostenibilidad 2024. https://www.utpl.edu.ec/
Universidad UTE. (2025). Rendición de cuentas UTE 2024. https://ute.edu.ec/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/rdc-2024_07-22-vs4.pdf
Universidad Yachay Tech. (2025). Explore our academic programs [Brochure 2025]. https://yachaytech.edu.ec/
España
Fundación BBVA & Ivie. (2025). U-Ranking 2025: Indicadores Sintéticos de las Universidades Españolas (13ª edición). https://www.u-ranking.es/informe
IE University. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.ie.edu
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, UE y Cooperación de España. (2025). Embajada de España en Ecuador. https://www.exteriores.gob.es
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades. (2026). Estudiar en España: información oficial. https://www.universidades.gob.es/
Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social. (2026). Salario mínimo interprofesional. https://www.mites.gob.es/
Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?countries=es
SCImago. (2025). SCImago Institutions Rankings 2025 - Spain. https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?country=ESP
SEPIE: Servicio Español para la Internacionalización de la Educación. (2026). Study in Spain. https://www.sepie.es/
ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. (2025). Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2025. https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2025
Times Higher Education. (2025). World University Rankings 2026 - Spain. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-spain
U.S. News & World Report. (2024). Best Global Universities in Spain. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/spain
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. (2025). La UAM en cifras. https://www.uam.es
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. (2025). La Universidad en Cifras: una mirada a la UC3M. https://www.uc3m.es/luec_es.html
Universidad Complutense de Madrid. (2026). Datos y Cifras 2025-2026 (avance de datos, febrero 2026). https://www.ucm.es/datos-y-cifras-2
Universidad de Granada. (2025). La UGR en Cifras. https://www.ugr.es/destacado/ugr-cifras
Universidad de Navarra. (2025). Memoria académica: curso 2024-2025. https://www.unav.edu/web/memoria-academica
Universidad de Salamanca. (2025). Observatorio de la Calidad y el Rendimiento Académico: indicadores. https://indicadores.usal.es
Universidad de Sevilla. (2025). La US en cifras: Anuario Estadístico 2024-2025. https://www.us.es/laUS/la-us-en-cifras
Universidad de Zaragoza. (2026). Estadísticas de Grado y Máster Universitario. https://academico.unizar.es/grado-y-master/estadisticas
Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. (2025). La UPV/EHU en cifras. https://www.ehu.eus
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. (2025). La UPM en cifras. https://www.upm.es/UPM/SalaPrensa/UPMCifras
Universidad Pontificia Comillas. (2025). Comillas en cifras. https://www.comillas.edu
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. (2025). A USC en cifras. https://www.usc.gal
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. (2025). La UAB en xifres: dades del curs 2024-2025. https://www.uab.cat/web/la-uab/la-uab/la-uab-en-xifres-1345965582915.html
Universitat de Barcelona. (2025). La UB en xifres 2024-2025: Dades i indicadors. https://web.ub.edu/web/dades-indicadors
Universitat de València. (2025). Dades estadístiques. https://www.uv.es
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. (2025). Xifres UPC. https://www.upc.edu
Universitat Politècnica de València. (2025). La UPV en datos. https://www.upv.es
Universitat Pompeu Fabra. (2025). La UPF en xifres: curs 2024-2025. https://www.upf.edu/web/universitat
Universitat Ramon Llull. (2025). La URL en xifres. https://www.url.edu
Estados Unidos
Association of American Medical Colleges. (2026). The road to becoming a doctor. https://www.aamc.org/
Boston University. (2025). BU facts and stats. https://www.bu.edu/about/
Brown University. (2025). Facts about Brown. https://www.brown.edu/about/facts
California Institute of Technology, Institutional Research Office. (2025). Common Data Set 2024-2025. https://iro.caltech.edu/
Carnegie Mellon University. (2025). CMU quick facts. https://www.cmu.edu/about/
College Board. (2025). Trends in college pricing and student aid 2024-25. https://research.collegeboard.org/trends/college-pricing
Columbia University. (2025). Columbia at a glance. https://www.columbia.edu/content/about-us
Common Application. (2026). Common App member colleges. https://www.commonapp.org/
Cornell University, Institutional Research & Planning. (2025). University Factbook. https://irp.cornell.edu/university-factbook/
Council for Higher Education Accreditation. (2025). CHEA directory of institutions and programs. https://www.chea.org/
Duke University. (2025). Duke facts. https://facts.duke.edu/
EducationUSA: U.S. Department of State. (2026). Your 5 steps to U.S. study: Finances. https://educationusa.state.gov/
Embajada y Consulados de los Estados Unidos en Ecuador. (2026). Información de visas. https://ec.usembassy.gov/es/visas-es/
Emory University. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.emory.edu/home/about/facts/
Georgia Institute of Technology. (2025). Institute facts. https://www.gatech.edu/
Harvard University, Office of Institutional Research & Analytics. (2025). Fact Book: Enrollment. https://oira.harvard.edu/factbook/
Institute of International Education. (2025). Open Doors report on international educational exchange. https://opendoorsdata.org/
Johns Hopkins University, Office of Institutional Research & Analytics. (2025). Common Data Set 2024-2025. https://oira.jhu.edu/
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2025). MIT Facts 2025. https://facts.mit.edu/
Michigan State University. (2025). MSU facts. https://msu.edu/about/
National Center for Education Statistics. (2025). Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). U.S. Department of Education. https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/
New York University. (2025). NYU at a glance. https://www.nyu.edu
Northwestern University. (2025). Facts and rankings. https://www.northwestern.edu/about/facts/
Princeton University, Office of Institutional Research. (2025). A Princeton Profile. https://profile.princeton.edu/
Purdue University. (2025). Purdue at a glance. https://www.purdue.edu/purdue/about/
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2026). QS World University Rankings 2026/27. QS Top Universities. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings
Rice University. (2025). Rice at a glance. https://www.rice.edu/about
SCImago. (2026). SCImago Institutions Rankings 2026. SCImago Research Group. https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php
ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. (2025). Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2025. ShanghaiRanking. https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2025
Stanford University. (2025). Stanford facts. https://facts.stanford.edu/
Texas A&M University. (2025). About Texas A&M. https://www.tamu.edu/about/
The Ohio State University. (2025). About Ohio State. https://www.osu.edu/about/
The Pennsylvania State University. (2025). Penn State facts. https://www.psu.edu/this-is-penn-state/
The University of Texas at Austin. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.utexas.edu/about/facts-and-figures
Times Higher Education. (2025). THE World University Rankings 2026. Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2026). Employment, wages and consumer prices. https://www.bls.gov/
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2026). Students and employment: prácticas OPT y CPT. https://www.uscis.gov/
U.S. Department of State: Bureau of Consular Affairs. (2026). Student visa information (F, M, J). https://travel.state.gov
U.S. News & World Report. (2025). Best Global Universities Rankings 2026. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities
U.S. News & World Report. (2025). Best National Universities Rankings 2026. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities
University of California, Berkeley, Office of Planning and Analysis. (2025). UC Berkeley Quick Facts. https://opa.berkeley.edu/campus-data/uc-berkeley-quick-facts
University of California, Davis. (2025). UC Davis by the numbers. https://www.ucdavis.edu/about
University of California, Los Angeles. (2025). UCLA by the numbers. https://newsroom.ucla.edu/ucla-facts-figures
University of California, San Diego. (2025). By the numbers. https://ucsd.edu/about/facts/
University of California, Santa Barbara. (2025). UCSB by the numbers. https://www.ucsb.edu/about
University of Chicago. (2025). University Facts: At a Glance. https://data.uchicago.edu/
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. (2025). About Illinois. https://illinois.edu
University of Maryland. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.umd.edu/about/facts-figures
University of Michigan. (2025). U-M facts & figures. https://umich.edu/facts-figures/
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. (2025). UNC by the numbers. https://www.unc.edu/about/
University of Pennsylvania. (2025). Penn facts. https://www.upenn.edu/about/facts
University of Southern California. (2025). USC facts and figures. https://about.usc.edu/facts/
University of Washington. (2025). UW facts. https://www.washington.edu/about/facts/
University of Wisconsin-Madison. (2025). Facts. https://www.wisc.edu/about/facts/
Vanderbilt University. (2025). Vanderbilt at a glance. https://www.vanderbilt.edu/about/
Washington University in St. Louis. (2025). WashU at a glance. https://source.wustl.edu/about/
Yale University. (2025). Yale Facts. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts
Francia
Aix-Marseille Université. (2025). Chiffres clés. https://www.univ-amu.fr
Campus France. (2025). Fiche établissement (múltiples PDFs). https://ressources.campusfrance.org/pratique/etablissements/
Campus France. (2025). Frais de scolarité en France. https://www.campusfrance.org/es/tasas-matricula-Francia
Campus France. (2025). Travail étudiant. https://www.campusfrance.org/fr/travail-etudiant
Centres régionaux des œuvres universitaires et scolaires (CROUS). (2025). Vie étudiante en France. https://www.etudiant.gouv.fr/fr
École nationale des ponts et chaussées. (2025). L'École en chiffres 2025-2026. https://ecoledesponts.fr/sites/default/files/pages/Ecole/ENPC-Ecole-En-Chiffres-2025-2026_v3.pdf
INSA Lyon. (2025). Chiffres clés. https://www.insa-lyon.fr
INSEE: Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. (2026). Emploi et chômage. https://www.insee.fr/
Institut Polytechnique de Paris. (2025). Faits et chiffres. https://www.ip-paris.fr
Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. (2025). Études en France - Système DAP. https://pastel.diplomatie.gouv.fr/etudesenfrance/
Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings 2026 - France. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?countries=fr
Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings: Europe 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/europe-university-rankings
Sciences Po. (2025). Sciences Po en chiffres. https://www.sciencespo.fr
SCImago. (2025). SCImago Institutions Rankings 2025 - France. https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?country=FRA
ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. (2025). Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2025. https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2025
Sorbonne Université. (2026). Chiffres-clés (mis à jour avril 2026). https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/universite/politique-detablissement/chiffres-cles
Times Higher Education. (2025). World University Rankings 2026 - France. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2026/world-ranking
U.S. News & World Report. (2024). Best Global Universities in France. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/france
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1. (2025). Chiffres clés. https://www.univ-lyon1.fr
Université Côte d'Azur. (2025). Chiffres clés. https://univ-cotedazur.fr
Université de Bordeaux. (2025). Chiffres clés. https://www.u-bordeaux.fr
Université de Lille. (2025). Observatoire de la Direction des Formations (ODiF). https://odif.univ-lille.fr
Université de Lorraine. (2025). Chiffres clés. https://www.univ-lorraine.fr
Université de Montpellier. (2025). L'université en chiffres. https://www.umontpellier.fr
Université de Rennes. (2025). L'université en chiffres. https://www.univ-rennes.fr
Université de Strasbourg. (2025). Les chiffres clés. https://www.unistra.fr
Université Grenoble Alpes. (2025). Chiffres-clés et classements. https://www.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/universite/chiffres-cles-et-classements/chiffres-cles-et-classements-837500.kjsp
Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. (2025). Chiffres clés. https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr
Université Paris Cité. (2025). Les chiffres clés. https://u-paris.fr
Université Paris-Saclay. (2025). À propos de l'Université Paris-Saclay. https://www.universite-paris-saclay.fr/luniversite/propos-de-luniversite-paris-saclay
Université PSL. (2025). PSL en chiffres. https://psl.eu/universite/qui-sommes-nous/psl-en-chiffres
Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier. (2025). Chiffres clés. https://www.univ-tlse3.fr
Italia
Agenzia Nazionale di Valutazione del Sistema Universitario e della Ricerca (ANVUR). (2026). Portal institucional. https://www.anvur.it/
Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna. (2025). L'Ateneo in cifre. https://www.unibo.it/
Centro Studi Investimenti Sociali (CENSIS). (2025). La classifica delle università italiane 2025/2026. https://www.censis.it/
ER-GO / Aziende regionali per il diritto allo studio. (2026). Borse di studio DSU. https://www.er-go.it/
Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT). (2026). Indicatori di povertà e prezzi al consumo. https://www.istat.it/
Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca. (2026). Portale dei dati dell'istruzione superiore. https://ustat.mur.gov.it/
Politecnico di Milano. (2025). Il Politecnico in cifre. https://www.polimi.it/
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings
Sapienza Università di Roma. (2025). Sapienza in cifre. https://www.uniroma1.it/
SCImago Lab. (2025). SCImago Institutions Rankings. https://www.scimagoir.com/
ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. (2025). Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2025. https://www.shanghairanking.com/
Times Higher Education. (2025). World University Rankings 2026. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings
U.S. News & World Report. (2025). Best Global Universities Rankings. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities
Università degli Studi di Padova. (2025). L'Università in cifre. https://www.unipd.it/
Universitaly. (2026). Portale del Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca per studenti internazionali. https://www.universitaly.it/
Portugal
Agência de Avaliação e Acreditação do Ensino Superior (A3ES). (2026). Portal institucional. https://www.a3es.pt/
Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo (AIMA). (2026). Vistos e autorizações de residência. https://aima.gov.pt/
Direção-Geral do Ensino Superior (DGES). (2026). Acesso ao Ensino Superior. https://www.dges.gov.pt/
Governo de Portugal. (2025). Decreto-Lei que atualiza a retribuição mínima mensal garantida para 2026. https://www.portugal.gov.pt/
PORDATA. (2026). Estatísticas de Portugal: educação e salários. https://www.pordata.pt/
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2026). QS World University Rankings: Europe 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/europe-university-rankings
SCImago Lab. (2025). SCImago Institutions Rankings. https://www.scimagoir.com/
ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. (2025). Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2025. https://www.shanghairanking.com/
Times Higher Education. (2025). World University Rankings 2026. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings
U.S. News & World Report. (2025). Best Global Universities Rankings. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities
Universidade de Coimbra. (2025). UC em números. https://www.uc.pt/
Universidade de Lisboa. (2025). ULisboa em números. https://www.ulisboa.pt/
Universidade do Porto. (2025). Factos e números. https://www.up.pt/
Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. (2025). NOVA em números. https://www.unl.pt/
Reino Unido
Complete University Guide. (2025). University League Tables 2026. https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/
GOV.UK. (2026). National Minimum Wage and National Living Wage rates. https://www.gov.uk/national-minimum-wage-rates
Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA). (2025). Higher education student statistics 2023/24. https://www.hesa.ac.uk/
Imperial College London. (2025). College statistics. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/
Office for National Statistics. (2026). Employee earnings in the UK. https://www.ons.gov.uk/
Office for Students. (2026). The regulator for higher education in England. https://www.officeforstudents.org.uk/
QS Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings
SCImago Lab. (2025). SCImago Institutions Rankings. https://www.scimagoir.com/
ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. (2025). Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2025. https://www.shanghairanking.com/
Times Higher Education. (2025). World University Rankings 2026. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings
U.S. News & World Report. (2025). Best Global Universities Rankings. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities
UK Visas and Immigration. (2026). Student visa. https://www.gov.uk/student-visa
Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS). (2026). Portal de admisiones universitarias del Reino Unido. https://www.ucas.com/
University of Cambridge. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.cam.ac.uk/
University of Oxford. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.ox.ac.uk/
Suiza
École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.epfl.ch/about/facts-and-figures/
Embajada de Suiza en Ecuador. (2025). EDA Quito. https://www.eda.admin.ch/quito
ETH Zürich. (2025). Facts and figures: Education. https://ethz.ch/en/the-eth-zurich/education/figures.html
Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz FHNW. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.fhnw.ch/en/about-fhnw/facts-and-figures
HES-SO Haute école spécialisée de Suisse occidentale. (2025). Chiffres-clés. https://www.hes-so.ch
IMD Business School. (2025). IMD at a glance. https://www.imd.org
Movetia: Agencia nacional suiza para el intercambio y la movilidad. (2026). Programas de intercambio y prácticas. https://www.movetia.ch/
OFCOM: Oficina Federal de Comunicaciones de Suiza. (2026). Telecomunicaciones y tarifas. https://www.bakom.admin.ch/
OST: Ostschweizer Fachhochschule. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.ost.ch/en/about-ost/facts-and-figures
Pädagogische Hochschule Zürich. (2025). Zahlen und Fakten. https://phzh.ch
Portal Europeo de Movilidad Profesional (EURES). (2025). Labour Market Information Switzerland. https://eures.europa.eu/living-and-working/labour-market-information/labour-market-information-switzerland_en
Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings 2026 - Switzerland. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?countries=ch
Quacquarelli Symonds. (2025). QS World University Rankings: Europe 2026. https://www.topuniversities.com/europe-university-rankings
SCImago. (2025). SCImago Institutions Rankings 2025 - Switzerland. https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?country=CHE
Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana. (2025). SUPSI in cifre. https://www.supsi.ch
SECO: Secretaría de Estado de Economía de Suiza. (2026). Salarios y condiciones laborales. https://www.seco.admin.ch/
ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. (2025). Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2025. https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2025
Study in Switzerland: Swiss government portal. (2026). Studying in Switzerland. https://www.studyinswitzerland.plus/
swissuniversities. (2026). El sistema de educación superior suizo. https://www.swissuniversities.ch/
Times Higher Education. (2025). World University Rankings 2026 - Switzerland. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-switzerland
U.S. News & World Report. (2024). Best Global Universities in Switzerland. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/switzerland
Università della Svizzera italiana. (2025). USI in figures. https://www.usi.ch
Universität Basel. (2025). Facts and Figures (fall semester 2025). https://www.unibas.ch/en/University/About-University/Facts-Figures.html
Universität Bern. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.unibe.ch
Universität Luzern. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.unilu.ch
Universität St.Gallen. (2025). HSG Facts and Figures. https://www.unisg.ch/en/university/about-us/facts-figures/
Universität Zürich. (2025). UZH in figures. https://www.uzh.ch
Université de Fribourg. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.unifr.ch
Université de Genève. (2025). Statistiques universitaires. https://www.unige.ch/statistiques/
Université de Lausanne. (2025). L'UNIL en chiffres. https://www.unil.ch
Université de Neuchâtel. (2025). L'université en chiffres. https://www.unine.ch
ZHAW Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften. (2025). Facts and figures: annual report 2024. https://www.zhaw.ch
Zürcher Hochschule der Künste. (2025). Facts and figures. https://www.zhdk.ch
